The Five Solas of the Reformation |
In an article entitled "Civilization and the Protestant Reformation," John W. Robbins has claimed that the Protestant Reformation resulted in reforming the following areas of society:
|
||||||||||||
A Brief Statement |
|||||||||||||
Gregg Strawbridge, Ph.D. |
|||||||||||||
This document was originally written for the 1993 Reformation Celebration at Audubon Drive Bible Church in Laurel, MS, as part of a worship service. | |||||||||||||
| Sola Scriptura | Soli Deo Gloria | Solo Christo | Sola Gratia | Sola Fide | |
|||||||||||||
It was not Luther's intention to create a civilization: he intended to proclaim the righteousness of God in Jesus Christ. His life was dedicated to a far more important activity than building an earthly city. Western civilization was an unintended byproduct of his faithfulness to the Bible. The Reformation put the Kingdom of God first not the kingdom of man or the kingdom of the church. The results were just as Christ said they would be: "Therefore I say to you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or what you will drink; nor about your body, what you will put on. Is not life more than food and the body more than clothing? Look at the birds of the air, for they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not of more value than they?...Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow: They neither toil nor spin. And yet I say to you that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. Now if God so clothes the grass of the field, which today is. and tomorrow is thrown into the oven, will he not much more clothe you, O you of little faith? For after all these things the Gentiles seek. For your heavenly Father knows that you need all things." "But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness. and all these things shall be added to you" (Matthew 6).Justification by faith--the righteousness of God imputed to sinners--is the only foundation of eternal salvation and earthly civilization. The Reformers sought first the Kingdom of God and all these things--the things we call Western civilization--were added to them, and to us. |
|||||||||||||
See also the fine essay by Robbins entitled, "Christ and Civilization." Catholics would make two responses:
Let's look at the areas singled out by Robbins as "achievements" of the Protestant Reformation:
The essay in the left-hand column champions the "Five Solas" of the Reformation. Let's see what light it sheds on this issue of "Reformation and Civilization," and specifically the question, Are the Five Solas sufficient to ground a new reformation of law, economics, culture and society -- in short, of civilization? |
|||||||||||||
Sola Scriptura: The Scripture Alone is the Standard |
|||||||||||||
The doctrine that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority was the "Formal Principle" of the Reformation. In 1521 at the historic interrogation of Luther at the Diet of Worms, he declared his conscience to be captive to the Word of God saying, "Unless I am overcome with testimonies from Scripture or with evident reasons -- for I believe neither the Pope nor the Councils, since they have often erred and contradicted one another -- I am overcome by the Scripture texts which I have adduced, and my conscience is bound by God's Word." Similarly, the Belgic Confession stated, "We believe that [the] holy Scriptures fully contain the will of God, and that whatsoever man ought to believe unto salvation is sufficiently taught therein...Neither may we consider any writings of men, however holy these men may have been, of equal value with those divine Scriptures nor ought we to consider custom or the great multitude, or antiquity, or succession of times and persons, or councils, decrees or statutes, as of equal value with the truth of God... Therefore, we reject with all our hearts whatsoever does not agree with this infallible rule" (VII). | I believe the Bible is the Word of God and the necessary foundation for any social reformation. But the Belgic Confession betrays a belief that the Bible is limited to "religion" and "salvation." In this case, "salvation" means "a ticket to heaven when I die." In the Bible, however, "salvation" means Civilization. The previous sentence is the key to our next reformation. |
||||||||||||
As the Scripture says, You, however, continue in the things you have learned and become convinced of, knowing from whom you have learned them; and that from childhood you have known the sacred writings which are able to give you the wisdom that leads to salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work. (Psalm 119:18; Psalm 138:2; II Tim. 3:14-17) |
|||||||||||||
Soli Deo Gloria! For the Glory of God Alone |
|||||||||||||
The Reformation reclaimed the Scriptural teaching of the sovereignty of God over every aspect of the believer's life. All of life is to be lived to the glory of God. As the Westminster Shorter Catechism asks, "What is the chief end of man? Man's chief end is to glorify God and to enjoy him forever." This great and all consuming purpose was emphasized by those in the 16th and 17th Centuries who sought to reform the church according to the Word of God. In contrast to the monastic division of life into sacred versus secular perpetuated by Roman Church, the reformers saw all of life to be lived under the Lordship of Christ. Every activity of the Christian is to be sanctified unto the glory of God. | "Monastic" is not all bad. The current idea of "The Benedict Option" is not a "division of life into sacred vs. secular." The Jesuits certainly don't ignore "secular" fields of endeavor. The Reformation resulted in magisterial confiscation of monastic properties and the destruction of ecclesiastical art in the name of iconoclasm. | ||||||||||||
As the Scripture says, |
Well-educated Catholics don't deny these verses. But Luther's "Two Kingdoms" sociology led to the secularization of the secular, that is, taking "secular" fields out from under God's Law. |
||||||||||||
Solo Christo! By Christ's Work Alone are We Saved |
|||||||||||||
The Reformation called the church back to faith in Christ as the sole mediator between God and man. While the Roman church held that "there is a purgatory and that the souls there detained are helped by the intercessions of the faithful" and that "Saints are to be venerated and invoked;" "that their relics are to be venerated" -- the reformers taught that salvation was by Christ's work alone. As John Calvin said in the Institutes of the Christian Religion, "Christ stepped in, took the punishment upon himself and bore the judgment due to sinners. With his own blood he expiated the sins which made them enemies of God and thereby satisfied him...we look to Christ alone for divine favour and fatherly love!" Likewise the Heidelberg Catechism, Question 30 asks, "Do such then believe in Jesus the only Saviour who seek their salvation and happiness in saints, in themselves, or anywhere else? They do not; for though they boast of him in words yet in deeds they deny Jesus the only deliverer and Saviour: for one of these two things must be true that either Jesus is not a complete Saviour or that they who by a true faith receive this Saviour must find all things in him necessary to their salvation." | Again, "salvation" is relegated to the afterlife. I think a new holistic "Reformation" depends on seeing "salvation" more Biblically. |
||||||||||||
As the Scripture says, |
The Biblical idea of Jesus as a Mediator is not just about going to heaven when you die. In the world before Christ, political emperors were priests and mediators. Caesar said,
I hope the reader knows how Peter turned this imperial declaration on its head. The concept of "mediator" is intensely political. |
||||||||||||
Sola Gratia: Salvation by Grace Alone |
|||||||||||||
A central cry of the Reformation was salvation by grace. Though the Roman church taught that Mass is a "sacrifice [which] is truly propitiatory" and that by the Mass "God...grant[s] us grace and the gift of penitence, remits our faults and even our enormous sins" -- the reformers returned to the biblical doctrine of salvation by grace through faith. Our righteous standing before God is imputed to us by grace because of the work of Christ Jesus our Lord. In contrast to the doctrines of self-merit taught by Rome, sola gratia and the accompanying doctrines of grace -- total depravity, unconditional election, particular redemption, and perseverance of the saints -- were preached by all the reformers throughout the Protestant movement. As the Baptist Confession of 1689 says, "Christ, by his obedience and death, did fully discharge the debt of all those that are justified; and did, by the sacrifice of himself in the blood of his cross, undergoing in their stead the penalty due unto them, make a proper, real, and full satisfaction to God's justice in their behalf;...their justification is only of free grace, that both the exact justice and rich grace of God might be glorified in the justification of sinners." | Again, "salvation" is limited to an individual, after death. Luther was very ego-centered in this regard. He agonized over petty sins, concerned only about his own justification. This is not the Biblical concept of "salvation." As an abstract theological argument, I side with the Reformers as against the priests. But the Biblical doctrine of "salvation" sees God's grace creating civilization, not man by the works of his political machinery ("The State"). We should be more dedicated to serving others (and creating businesses which will serve generations to come) than getting our ticket to heaven when we die. |
||||||||||||
As the Scripture says, |
|||||||||||||
Sola Fide: Justification by Faith Alone |
|||||||||||||
The "Material Principle" of the Reformation was justification by faith alone. As the Westminster Confession of Faith says, "Faith, thus receiving and resting on Christ and his righteousness, is the alone instrument of justification: yet is it not alone in the person justified, but is ever accompanied with all other saving graces, and is no dead faith, but worketh by love." The Genevan Confession likewise pointed out the necessity of those justified living by faith saying, "We confess that the entrance which we have to the great treasures and riches of the goodness of God that is vouchsafed us is by faith; inasmuch as, in certain confidence and assurance of heart, we believe in the promises of the gospel, and receive Jesus Christ as he is offered to us by the Father and described to us by the Word of God (Genevan 11). | How do "salvation by grace" and "justification by faith" differ? Most children of the Reformation can't answer that question. | ||||||||||||
As the Scripture says, |
"The Gospel" in verse 8 is the good news that "all nations shall be blessed." In the Bible, "blessing" comes from obedience to God's Law in every area of life. "Blessing" is material, economic, cultural, political, social salvation. In short, Civilization. "The just shall live by faith" is from Habakkuk 2. That chapter is about the contrast between politicians who plunder whole nations, and the just, who are promised a day when
"The Gospel" is the "good news" of a world free of statism. I believe the next Reformation will based on the principle of "anarcho-preterism." The "Five Solas" are true as far as they go, but they do not go far enough. Imagine a long journey, that requires you to cross many rivers to get to your destination. The "Five Solas" are the first bridge you encounter. You must cross the river on this bridge or you will never get to your destination. But don't try to carry this bridge with you on the rest of the journey.
Growth toward what? |